Habitat and Substrate: Usually open areas, roadsides and old fields, on soil.

Rhode Island Status: Uncommon.

Pollution Tolerance: Intermediate to tolerant.

Collection Site(s): Factory Pond, South Kingstown (#4978); First Baptist Church at Cross Mills, Charlestown (#5271).

Notes: Previous Rhode Island collections have not been verified. There are several closely related species that are best separated by chemistry. Old records are often in error.